Lesson 4 Grammar Item #1 (p. 77-78)
l McDonald’s à マクドナルド /makudonarudo/
l over there [NOUN] à あそこ /asoko/
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exist
à
あr /ar/ (あります；ありません)
X [Non-animate] [が] exists {at, on, in, …} Y
The event described with ar needs one role, something that exists, together with the at/on/in relation between that object and its location.
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the on/at/in-relation,
between an object and a place, where the object is located,
à
Particle に
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l over there [Adverbial] à あそこに /asoko-ni/
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subject, and not topic
à
Particle が
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N.B. The relation that the noun with particle /o/ attached bears to the modified verb is object, and not topic.
1) あそこに マクドナルドが あります。
asoko-ni makudonarudo-ga ar-imasu
over there-at McDonald’s-SUBJECT
l an international student à りゅうがくせい /ryuugakusei/
l here [NOUN] à ここ /koko/
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exist
à
い (います；いません)
X [Animate] [が] exists {at, on, in, …} Y
The event described with i needs one role, some animate being that exists, together with the at/on/in relation between that object and its location.
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l the on/at/in-relation [LOCATION] à に /ni/
l here [= at this place] à ここに /koko-ni/
1) ここに りゅうがくせいが います。
koko-ni ryuugakusei-ga imasu
over there-at McDonald’s-SUBJECT
l a sale à セール /seeru/
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occur
à
あr /ar/
X[Event] [が] occurs
The event described with ar here needs just one role, something that occurs.
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l in the department store à デパートで
/depaato-de/
1) セールが あります。
seeru-ga arimasu
sale-SUBJECT
2) デパートで セールが あります。
depaato-de seeru-ga arimasu
department store-in sale-SUBJECT
1) We have a Japanese exam tomorrow.
2) Do you have a cat at your office?
3) Do you have time? (Lit., Does any available time exist (in your schedule)?)
4) There is a tree over there.